The Tropical Journal of Health Sciences (TJHS) is a peer-reviewed, open-access journal that publishes original research, reviews, case reports, and commentaries across the health sciences. Its scope includes the clinical sciences (medicine, surgery, paediatrics, obstetrics and gynaecology, psychiatry, and allied specialties), basic clinical sciences (clinical chemistry, biochemistry, pharmacology, pathology, and laboratory medicine), basic medical sciences (anatomy, physiology, and related disciplines), as well as public health, nursing sciences, physiotherapy, and radiological sciences. TJHS emphasizes evidence-based research with direct relevance to clinical practice, public health, and health systems—particularly in tropical and sub-Saharan Africa—while fostering global dialogue on innovations in health.
College of Health Sciences, University of Ilorin, Nigeria
The Diabetes-Periodontal Association: Awareness and Oral Care Practices of Patients Attending a Nigerian Teaching Hospital - A Cross-sectional Study
Background: There is a bidirectional relationship between diabetes mellitus and periodontitis; hence, diabetic patients must be aware of this association. This study, therefore, aims to evaluate the awareness of diabetic patients of the association between diabetes mellitus and periodontitis, and how this influences their dental care utilisation. Materials and Methods: This was a descriptive, cross-sectional study conducted among diabetic patients of the endocrinology clinic of UPTH. Semi-structured, self-administered questionnaires were used for data collection. The questionnaire had three sections. Section A included information on socio-demographic, section B included information on the awareness of the association between periodontitis and diabetes mellitus. Section C included information on oral hygiene practices and dental care utilisation. Statistical analysis was done using the Statistical Product and Service Solution (SPSS) version 25.0. Results: There were 198 participants; 88 males and 110 females. One hundred and forty-nine (75.3%) participants were unaware of the link between periodontitis and diabetes mellitus. Concerning dental clinic visitation, 106 (53.5%) had previously visited the dental clinic while 92 (46.5%) never attended the dental clinic. Among those that have attended the dental clinic; 5 (4.7%), 41 (38.7), 7 (6.6%) and 50 (47.2%) participants visited for routine check-ups, extractions, scaling & polishing and toothaches, respectively. Among those who knew of the association between periodontitis and diabetes mellitus, 14 (26.4%) never visited the dental clinic, while 39 (73.6%) visited the dental clinic. This finding is statistically significant (p = 0.003) Conclusion: Most of the participants were unaware of the association between periodontitis and diabetes mellitus. Among participants who were aware of the association, more participants visited the dental clinic for curative/symptomatic care rather than for preventive care.
Copyright (c) 2026 G. O. Alade, A. C. Ogundana (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Experiences of Caregivers on Health Challenges of Internally Displaced Children in Banditry-Affected Communities of Sokoto State, Nigeria
Background: In northwest Nigeria, banditry defined as the use of armed force by organized groups has become a major security threat, displacing thousands of individuals, including children. These displacements pose significant risks to the health and wellbeing of affected children. This study explored caregivers’ experiences on health challenges faced by internally displaced children in banditry-affected communities of Sokoto State, to inform health policy and intervention strategies. Materials and Methods: A qualitative phenomenological design was employed to capture the lived experiences of caregivers. Participants were purposively selected from internally displaced persons (IDP) camps within Sokoto State. Data were collected through in-depth semi-structured interviews conducted in the local Hausa language, transcribed verbatim, and translated into English. Thematic analysis was conducted manually to identify emerging themes and patterns. Results: The study identified several themes, including adaptation and daily survival, health problems associated with displacement, and challenges in accessing healthcare services. Caregivers reported frequent illnesses among children, such as malaria, malnutrition, diarrhea, and respiratory infections. Conclusion/Recommendations: Internally displaced children in Sokoto State face severe and multifaceted health challenges. The study recommends strengthening mobile healthcare services, integrating culturally sensitive health education, and expanding community-level support programs. Insights from caregivers should inform the design of targeted interventions and healthcare policies that address the specific needs of displaced children and their families.
Copyright (c) 2025 U. A. Tarah, U. Yunusa, S. Ahmed, S. Abdullahi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Adherence to Antiretroviral Therapy among Children and Adolescents with Human Immunodeficiency Virus/Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome in the Federal Capital Territory, Nigeria
Background: Adherence to antiretroviral therapy is a key strategy that is deployed to reduce resistance and prevent HIV infection among the population. Materials and Methods: This study was conducted to examine the level of adherence to therapeutic regimens among children and adolescents living with HIV/AIDS in selected secondary and tertiary health facilities. A proportionate sampling technique was used to select 400 participants: 185 from ADH and 215 from UATH in Abuja, Nigeria. A Medication Adherence Questionnaire (MAQ) was used to collect data. Results: The results show the mean age of the respondents as 12.0±3.9 in ADH, and 12.2±4.4 in UATH. The level of adherence was significantly higher (p<0.05) at the secondary facility (90.3%) compared to 80% at the tertiary centre. Participants whose caretakers had tertiary education (AOR=2.22; 95% CI=1.07 - 4.59) and those who were involved in administering medication themselves (AOR=2.59; 95% CI=1.36 - 4.93) were 2 and 3 times more likely to adhere to ART. Conclusion/Recommendations: This study concluded that the level of adherence to antiretroviral therapy (ART) was generally good among children and adolescents across both secondary and tertiary; however, it was higher among those receiving treatment at the secondary health facility. This study therefore recommends that children and adolescents living with HIV/AIDs need to be given greater presence/involvement in decisions regarding their treatment and administration of drugs to promote adherence.
Copyright (c) 2025 R. Mohammed-Nafi’u, A.H. Ibrahim (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Knowledge, Perception and Willingness to use Telerehabilitation among Caregivers of Paediatric Physiotherapy Patients at Selected Hospitals in Nigeria
Background: Telerehabilitation has been identified in recent times as a valuable tool for expanding access to rehabilitation services. In telerehabilitation, especially for the paediatric population caregivers have the vital role of assisting the child with technology and exercises. It is therefore important that the caregivers have a good knowledge of telerehabilitation and their role in the process. This study was aimed at determining the knowledge, perception and willingness to use telerehabilitation among caregivers of paediatric physiotherapy patients at the two major public paediatric referral centers in Ibadan, Nigeria. Materials and methods: A total of 196 caregivers of paediatric physiotherapy patients purposively selected from the University College Hospital and Oni Memorial Children’s Hospital, Ibadan participated in this cross-sectional study. Descriptive statistics of frequencies, percentages, mean, and inferential statistics of the chi-square test were used to analyze the data with level of significance set at 0.05. Results: Results showed that two-thirds of the participants were knowledgeable about what telerehabilitation involves. However, an equal number reported that telerehabilitation increases their anxiety about incorrectly performing therapeutic exercises for their child and places more responsibility on the caregiver. The majority reported that technical and internet problems with sound and image may be a limitation to using telehabilitation even though the majority still had good willingness to use telerehabilitation. Socioeconomic status was identified as a determining factor of both level of knowledge and perception of telerehabilitation. Conclusion/Recommendations: It was concluded that policies that support the integration of telerehabilitation into the national healthcare system for peadiatric population should be developed and implemented. In addition educational programmes targeted at improving both knowledge and perception of telerehabilitation especially among paediatric caregivers of low socioeconomic status should be designed, implemented and disseminated.
Copyright (c) 2025 M.B. Fatudimu, B.O. Akinwola (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Review of Plasmodium vivax Malaria in Indonesia and Malaysia: Epidemiology of The Infection and The Presence of The Vector Across Time
Background: Plasmodium vivax causes malaria is a major public health concern in Southeast Asia, particularly in Indonesia and Malaysia. Anopheles punctulatus, a common vector, transmits the disease via the bite of infected female Anopheles mosquitos. Understanding the epidemiology and entomology of vivax malaria is critical for developing successful control and prevention strategies. Materials and methods: This study investigates the epidemiology and entomology of Plasmodium vivax malaria in Indonesia and Malaysia over a period of time. Results: Malaria research in Indonesia and Malaysia can provide insights into the parasite's genetic diversity and help tailor interventions to specific challenges. Findings from this review will contributes to global efforts to eradicate malaria and mitigate its effects on vulnerable populations. Plasmodium vivax malaria, which is prevalent in Indonesia and Malaysia, has been extensively studied by researchers. Variations in transmission dynamics and entomological factors have had an impact on the disease's spread and persistence. The emergence of P. knowlesi as a common cause of malaria in Malaysia demonstrates the intricate interplay between human behaviour and environmental factors. Conclusion/Recommendations: The results of artesunate-mefloquine and artemisinin-based combination therapy demonstrate the importance of effective antimalarial regimens. P. vivax's unique genetic diversity and potential for out breeding highlight the importance of tailored interventions. More research is needed to better understand disease transmission dynamics and develop targeted interventions.
Copyright (c) 2025 L. Handayani, I. Fitriani (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Ameliorative Effects of Nigella Sativa Oil on Permethrin-Induced Neurotoxicity in the Cerebellum of Male Wistar Rats
Background: Permethrin, a pyrethroid insecticide commonly used for indoor residential treatment and outdoor applications can cause neuroinflammation and oxidative stress in rodent brains, resulting in a variety of neurodegenerative alterations. Nigella sativa oil (NSO) and its phytochemical components have been reported to possess anti-inflammatory, anti-hyperlipidemic, anti-oxidative and other beneficial properties. The goal of this study is to examine how NSO affects permethrin-induced neurotoxicity in the cerebellum of adult male Wistar rats. Materials and Methods: Sixteen (16) young male rats were divided into four groups, with each group containing four rats. Group A (control) was fed on a regular rat diet, Group B was fed with rat diet mixed with 1000 mg/kg of 0.6% permethrin, Group C was fed a regular diet with 14 ml/kg of NSO, Group D was fed with rat diet mixed with 1000 mg/kg of 0.6% permethrin and 14 ml/kg of NSO. All administration lasted for 14 days. The experimental animals were sacrificed and their cerebelli were excised for post-mortem studies and biochemical analysis. Results: Permethrin-treated animals presented with a reduction in the cerebellar level of glutathione peroxidase (GPx) with a corresponding increase in tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α). Histological observations showed impaired cellular characterization in the cerebellum of permethrin-treated rats. Nigella sativa oil administration mitigated permethrin effects by increasing GPx level, decreasing TNF-α, and limiting cerebellar histoarchitectural alterations. Conclusion/Recommendations: In conclusion, our study demonstrated that Nigella sativa oil significantly enhanced the activity of GPx (glutathione peroxidase) and reduced levels of TNF-α, suggesting its potential neuroprotective effects. These results underscore the therapeutic potential of Nigella sativa oil in mitigating oxidative stress and inflammation caused by neurotoxins like permethrin.
Copyright (c) 2025 F. S. Lewu, J. A. Adediji, I. A. Bolarinwa, R. A. Adeyemo, B. O. Ojo, L. T. Omoboye, , G. O. Omotoso (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Sub-Acute Toxicological Evaluation of An Artemesia-Based Moringa Supplement (AMS)
Background: In developing nations, several natural medicine practitioners explore the use of plant-based supplements and other forms of phytotherapies to combat viral infection via immune-boosting mechanisms. One such supplement is a locally compounded and consumed Moringa supplement containing artemisia annua and named, artemisia-based Moringa supplement (AMS). The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of a sub-acute (30 days) administration of AMS on the toxicological indices in albino Wistar rats of both sexes. Materials and Methods: Thirty-two albino Wistar rats (170-220 g) were randomly assigned into four experimental groups: Group 1, served as control, while Groups 2-4 were administered 125, 250 and 500 mg/kg/day of AMS consecutively for 30 days. The animals were anesthetized, and cardiac puncture was used to obtain whole blood for hematology and serum biochemistry. The in vivo liver antioxidant assays were also carried out on the liver homogenates. Results: There were no adverse hematological effects because of AMS treatment. Serum electrolytes levels were not affected across the doses of AMS administered for 30 days. Creatinine levels were not significantly altered, however a significant (p = 0.037) reduction in urea level was observed in the highest dose of 500 mg/kg. Liver function assays showed no significant alterations in the liver function enzymes, although, a significant decrease in the liver malonaldehyde (MDA, product of lipid peroxidation) level was observed. There was no adverse effect on kidney function parameters and serum lipid profile. Conclusion/ Recommendations: The artemisia-based polyherbal supplement seems to be relatively safe at the doses considered for this experiment. However, further safety studies will be required to ascertain more detailed organ safety.
Copyright (c) 2025 S.O. Afolabi, O.E. Olorundare, O.B. Akanbi, M.K. Bello, J.T. Folahan , S. Ibiyemi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Newbouldia Laevis Enhanced Bcl-2 Expression and Germinal Epithelial Proliferation in adolescent Wistar rats
Background: In traditional medicine, numerous plant extracts have been used as infertility treatments to enhance chances of procreation over the years. The use of Newbouldia laevis as an adjuvant has been shown in experimental animal models to have the ability to either stimulate or suppress male reproductive processes at specific dosages. This study aimed to compare the effects of graded dosages of Newbouldia laevis and zinc on male fertility. Materials and Methods: Thirty-six male adolescent Wistar rats, weighing between 55 - 125 g were randomly divided into six groups of five rats each. They were treated with normal saline, Zinc, and Newbouldia laevis at different doses and duration, viz: low-dose short-term (LS) and high-dose short-term (HS) for a period of 28 days, and low-dose long-term (LL), and high-dose long-term (HL) for of 56 days. The semen parameters, histomorphometric analysis, and Bcl-2 expression, a protein that controls apoptosis, were studied to assess the testicular health in experimental animals. Results: The results demonstrated that high doses of Newbouldia laevis impaired semen parameters, particularly the motility and population of sperm cells, irrespective of treatment duration. The population of germinal epithelial cells was unchanged. However, the expression of Bcl-2 was reduced in the high dose (HS and HL) groups when compared to other groups. Conclusion/Recommendations: The study suggests that moderate use of Newbouldia laevis extract for a limited period may have beneficial effects on male fertility potential with effects comparable to those of Zinc.
Copyright (c) 2025 M.Y. Adana, A.D. Adebayo, S.A. Aina, Q.R. Nathan, O.G. Onigbolabi, M.S. Ajao (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
A Survey of knowledge and perception of surrogacy among health care providers in selected institutions in Ilorin
Background: Surrogacy is a type of Assisted Reproductive Technology (ART) whereby a third party carry a pregnancy on behalf of another couple, delivers a baby and hands the child to the commissioning parents at birth. Surrogacy is becoming increasingly popular in developed countries with a well-structured legislation and laws. However, surrogacy is a relatively new practice in Nigeria and no legislation are guiding any form of ART in Nigeria. This study aimed to assess the awareness, knowledge, perceptions and attitudes of health workers toward surrogacy. Materials and Methods: This was a cross-sectional survey of Health workers at University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital (UITH) and University of Ilorin Health Centre. A self administered questionnaire was used to obtain information on the knowledge of surrogacy, perception and attitudes toward surrogacy. Data was analysed using SPSS version 20. A total of 402 health workers of various categories participated in this study. Results: Majority (85.5%) of respondents had previous knowledge of surrogacy with the commonest source of information being the health facility (33.3%). Less than 20% of the respondents had previously seen a baby born through surrogacy. About two-thirds of respondents (66.7%) opined that the intended mother should be the legal mother of the child in full surrogacy, while 54.2% supported the intended mother being the legal mother in partial surrogacy. Majority of respondents (79.4%) opined that the intended father should be the legal father of the child. Knowledge and awareness of surrogacy among the respondents was high. Conclusion/Recommendations: There is high level of awareness and knowledge of surrogacy among the respondents. The high level of knowledge and awareness did not reflect in the attitudes and perception toward surrogacy. There is also low acceptability of surrogacy as a means of assisted reproductive therapy among our respondents.
Copyright (c) 2025 S. M. Gwadabe, A.O. Olarinoye, L.O. Omokanye, H.O. Raji, K.T. Adesina, M.A. Musa, A. Ibrahim, A.O. Abdulmussawir, M. Ijaiya, S.T Suleiman (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Assessment of prescription quality and incidence of drug therapy problems among patients in selected primary health facilities in Maiduguri metropolitan area, Borno State
Background: The quality of medicine utilization at PHCs has been a matter of concern because of lack of skilled healthcare professionals and challenges with government funding. There is little information on quality of drug utilization following the use of PHCs as the major provider of basic medical services for internally displaced persons in Borno State. This study therefore aims to assess quality of drug prescriptions and also identify drug therapy problems (DTPs). Material and Methods: This was a cross sectional retrospective review of prescriptions obtained from the medical records of 1000 patients in five PHC. Demographic data, drugs prescribed, diagnosis and other relevant information were extracted from medical records. WHO/INRUD core prescribing indicator was used to assess prescription quality, while DTPs were identified using Beers criteria, STOPP/START, NORGEP criteria. The data was entered into Microsoft excel and cleaned before being loaded into SPSS version 21 for analysis using descriptive statistics. Results: The most prescribed drugs included analgesics (100%), antibiotics (79.6%), antimalarials (48.6%) and antihypertensives (25.9%). DTPs were identified in more than half of all prescriptions (52.5%) and mostly involved antibiotics (38.8%), analgesics (28.5%), proton pump inhibitors (23.3%) and corticosteroids (10.4%). DTPs found included wrong drug, untreated conditions, unnecessary drug therapy and polypharmacy. Conclusion: Drugs prescribing quality was poor and characterized by high level DTPs, irrational antibiotic use and polypharmacy. This may increase the risk of microbial resistance to commonly used antibiotics and adverse drug reactions.
Copyright (c) 2025 P. O. Onah (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Prevalence of Hepatitis B Virus Infection among Attendees of Antenatal Care Clinics at Primary Health Care Centres in North-Central, Nigeria
Background: Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a Hepadnavirus that infects liver cells, and causes an infectious disease of global significance. Several factors predisposes to HBV infection, some of these are peculiar to pregnant women, and infection in them could lead to maternal to child transmission of the disease. The main objective of this study was to assess the prevalence and risk factors for hepatitis B Virus infection among pregnant women attending antenatal clinic (ANC). Material and Methods: This hospital based cross-sectional study was conducted among 340 pregnant women attending antenatal care between February and March 2024. The respondents were selected using multistage sampling technique and interviewer administered semi-structured questionnaires were used to obtain information from them, after which blood samples were collected for HBsAg detection. Data was collated and analyzed using the Statistical Product and Service Solutions version 28 (SPSS-28). Results: Respondent’s age ranged from 18 to 44 years with a mean of 25 ± 5.45 years. The majority were between 20-24 years of age. The prevalence of HBV infection in the study was 12.6%. The factors found to have a statistically significant association with prevalence of HBV infection were: age, family type, previous blood transfusion, multiple sexual partner, previous hospital procedure, having a spouse with HBV infection, history of abortion, previous check of HBV status and previous result of HBV infection status. Conclusion/Recommendations The prevalence of HBV infection is increasing in our community and certain factors have been identified as determinants. There is a need to address risk factors. More efforts needs to be put towards preventive strategies such as increased awareness and routine screening among others. These will help to ensure adequate prevention and control of the disease.
Copyright (c) 2025 A.R. Yusuf, O.I. Musa, A.A. Yusuf, A.T. Adebayo-Ayanda (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Large Primary Scrotal Lipoma in a Young Nigerian: A Case Report with Review of Literature
Background: Primary scrotal lipoma is a very rare clinical entity where tumour of mature adipocytes arise from the subcutaneous tissue of scrotal sac. Accurate clinical diagnosis is important to exclude possible differential diagnosis. Materials and Methods: Case Report with Review of Literature Results: We report a case of bilateral primary lipoma in a 21year old Nigerian which initially posed a diagnostic dilemma due to its similarity with the testes, both in size, shape and appearance on ultrasound scan. Diagnosis was then made with the aid of Magnetic resonance imaging and the patient was managed with surgical excision and biopsy with no resultant post op complication. It is therefore recommended that for proper evaluation of patients with scrotal masses, radiological imaging modalities as well as histology are useful in aiding diagnosis.
Copyright (c) 2025 I.A. Nwajei, N. Kogha, R.O. Agboge, J.C. Onyemesili, B.E. Anyanwu, O.J. Uchendu (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Nasal and oral swab Expressions of ACE2 and IL6 in Nigerian COVID-19 Patients with Varying Disease Severity
Background: ACE2 receptor is crucial for SARS-CoV 2 entry into host cells, and pro-inflammatory cytokine storm causes mortality in COVID-19 patients. Blood levels of both ACE2 inhibitor and IL6 antagonists were considered for therapeutic management strategies during COVID-19. The study determined the molecular expressions of ACE2 and IL6 in nasal and oral swabs of COVID-19 Nigerian patients of different severities. Materials and Method: Forty-five COVID-19 patients ( mild, moderate and severe) were recruited from the Biorepository Clinical Virology Laboratory, University of Ibadan, Nigeria. Ten (10) healthy individuals served as control. Expression levels of ACE2 and IL6 were determined using q-RT-PCR. The threshold (Ct) values of the expressions were determined and fold changes (2-ΔΔCT) values calculated. P < 0.05 was taken as significant. Results: The mean swab Ct value of ACE2 expression was significantly reduced in combined COVID-19 cases compared with control, while mean swab IL6 Ct values were similar in cases and control. The mean swab ACE2 Ct values were significantly reduced in severe- and moderate-COVID-19 cases compared with control, while mean swab IL6 Ct value was significantly increased in mild COVID-19 cases compared with control. Sixty (60) %, 93% and 100% of mild, moderate and severe COVID-19 patients respectively had low swab ACE2 expression while 93%, 100% and 93% of mild, moderate and severe COVID-19 patients respectively had low swab IL-6 expression. Also, 67% and 50% of male and female COVID-19 patients respectively had low Ct values of swab IL6 expression. Thirty-three percent of females or ≥40yrs old COVID-19 patients had low Ct values of swab ACE2 expression while 33% and 100% of <40yrs and ≥40yrs old COVID-19 patients respectively had low Ct values of swab IL-6 expression. Conclusion/Recommendations: ACE2 expression in swab might be used as an indicator of SARS-CoV 2 severity.
Copyright (c) 2025 O.K. Akande, A. Fowotade, G.O. Arinola (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
How Skilled Birth Attendants Navigate the Complexities of Managing Preterm Premature Rupture of Membranes and Cervical Insufficiency in Rwanda
Background: Preterm birth affects 13.4 million cases globally, presenting significant health and socioeconomic challenges. Addressing preterm birth’s underlying risk factors and causes, such as Preterm Premature Rupture of Membranes (PPROM) and Cervical Insufficiency (CI), is important. Although these conditions are manageable, they still contribute to a high rate of preterm birth, especially in developing countries like Rwanda, where limited resources alter effective management. This study sought to explore skilled birth attendants’ (SBAs’) lived experience in the management of PPROM and CI as risk factors for preterm birth in Rwanda. Materials and Methods: A qualitative study using a phenomenological approach was conducted in five health facilities in Rwanda. Participants were 24 SBAs working in obstetrics and gynaecology departments and included Nurses, Midwives, General Practitioners, Obstetric/Gynaecology Residents, Obstetrician/Gynaecologists and Fetomaternal Medicine Specialists. After obtaining informed consent, 24 in-depth interviews were conducted using a semi-structured interview guide. The interviews were recorded in the participants’ preferred language, either Kinyarwanda or English and transcribed verbatim. Kinyarwanda transcripts were translated into English. The transcripts were coded inductively and thematically analysed using Dedoose. Results of the study underscored the experiences of SBAs during management of PPROM and CI, including the challenges they face and the foundational anchors of the management. Results: Four themes emerged: Teamwork in action: collaborative care drives success; evidence-based practice: protocols and expertise lead CI and PPROM management; transformative impact: better practices, better outcomes; and overcoming obstacles: resource gaps and patient challenges. Conclusions/Recommendations: PPROM and CI management in Rwanda includes a blend of emotional experiences for those involved, reference to various guidelines, task-sharing and informal in-service education. Addressing resource limitations, adherence to harmonised evidence-based national protocols, formalising task-sharing, emotional support of SBA, and continuous education can benefit PPROM and CI care.
Copyright (c) 2025 O. Nishimwe, K. M. Mutoni, J. Khanyola, T. Yohannes, A. Ndaimani (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Perception and Experience of Health Workers on Mobile Health at Prince Abubakar Audu University Teaching Hospital Anyigba, Kogi State
Background: Mobile health is an essential tool for an efficient and quality health care services, with potential to increase access for the clients and improved knowledge and skills for the health workers. This study aimed to explore the perceptions and experiences of health workers on mobile health at PAAUTH Anyigba, Kogi State. An explorative qualitative design using an in-depth interview was used. Materials and Methods: The target population constituted all the health workers working at Prince Abubakar Audu University Anyigba, Kogi State. Required number of participants were selected for the study until the data reach saturation level. An in-depth interview guide was used to collect the data. The data was analyzed using the thematic content analysis. Results: The findings indicated that a significant number of participants appreciated the opportunity provided by mobile health (mHealth) to access health-related information at any time and from any location. But, they are concerned about the lost of very useful information when the device developed problem. The participants also asserted that use of mHealth will significantly improve the patient’s outcome as it also improve significantly the knowledge and skills of health care workers. Unstable power supply in the country has been opined by many participants as the greatest barrier to use of mobile health. Conclusion/Recommendations: It was recommended that health care facilities should make use of the solar energy alternative to promote the use of mobile health for efficient health care services.
Copyright (c) 2025 A.R. Abubakar et al. (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Impact of Improper Breastfeeding Postures on Acute Otitis Media among Children Attending the Otorhinolaryngology Clinic of a Tertiary Health Facility in Southwest Nigeria
Background: Acute otitis media (AOM) is one of the most frequent diagnosis among children. There has been controversies on the effect of breastfeeding postures on the incidence of AOM. This study looked into this relationship in our locality with an attempt at providing a primordial level of intervention and prevention of AOM among under 2 children. Materials and Methods: This was a prospective cross-sectional study of children at 2 years and below who presented with features of AOM. Diagnosis was based on detailed history and examination findings. Investigator-structured proforma was used to obtain data which was entered into SPSS and analyzed using Fisher’s exact test with significance level of p <0.05. Results: The findings revealed an age range of 27 days to 2 years old. The highest incidence of AOM was among infants with age ranging between 7-12 months. About 73% of mothers with no or informal education were full time house wives and 84% habitually breast fed in lying position. There was a statistically significant relationship between maternal occupation and breastfeeding in wrong postures as well as between awareness of proper posture during ANC attendance and breastfeeding lying down. Conclusion and Recommendation: The high rate of breast feeding in wrong position is still raising concerns owing to the level of assimilation and effective application of the information received during antenatal clinic. Adaptation of a proper breastfeeding position remains an important factor to be considered in the prevention of AOM. Therefore, every woman in child bearing age should be well-informed.
Copyright (c) 2025 S.O. Ayodele, A. Adeyemo, O.Y. Ayodele, O. Adewoye (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
The Perception, Practice, and Awareness of Potential Harm in the Use of Safety Pins on Clothing Among Pregnant Women in North-Central Nigeria
Background: Some cultural practices are helpful to pregnant women; however, many are baseless and could even be harmful. The use of safety pins on clothing is gaining popularity among pregnant women throughout sociodemographic regions. Pregnant women attending Federal Medical Centre Keffi's prenatal clinic were assessed for perception, practice and awareness of potential harm associated with safety pins use on clothing. Materials and Methods: The study was cross-sectional descriptive study, involving 420 consented women selected through simple random sampling. The data was analysed using SPSS IBM 25. Results: Three hundred and ninety-three completed questionnaires were analysed. Majority of respondents (85.2%) were aware of safety pins use clothing, 42% perceived the practice to be beneficial, and 25% reported the practice could be dangerous. Over a third of respondents have attached it to their clothes. Needle pricks were the most common injury among respondents who perceived the practice to be harmful. Conclusion/Recommendations: The level of awareness and practice of use of safety pins on clothing among pregnant women is rapidly increasing. There is a great concern for safety and thus should not be encouraged.
Copyright (c) 2025 M.O. Fijabiyi , A.O. Ojurongbe, O.O. Aworinde, A.D. Adekunle, O.E. Oyedeji, T.O. Fijabiyi, O.A. Ojurongbe (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Perceptions of Primary Healthcare Workers on In-person versus Virtual Skills Acquisition Training on Primary Ear and Hearing Care
Background: Due to demands for innovative solutions for training health care workers, virtual training has gained popularity offering distinct advantages over traditional in-person learning. However, there is no assessment yet of the effectiveness of virtual training in Primary Health Care (PEHC). This study evaluated perceptions of effectiveness and impact from participants trained on the PEHC manual using both in-person and virtual training formats. Materials and Methods: This qualitative study utilized Focus Group Discussions and semi-structured interviews to gather insights from Primary Health Care Workers (PHCWs) from six Local Government Areas in Oyo State, Nigeria. Using a multistage cluster sampling technique, 134 respondents were selected to participate in either virtual or in-person training. The data was transcribed and analyzed using thematic analysis with Atlas TI software. Results: Five themes emerged from the study (Knowledge Acquired, Skills acquired, Preferences, Challenges, Recommendation). Participants in both training formats acknowledged that the training significantly improved their knowledge and practical skills in ear care, and they now feel equipped to handle cases of ear and hearing lesions. Though there was a predominant preference for in-person training format, some participants suggested increased use of virtual training to reach more PHCWs who were unable to participate in in-person training sessions. While in-person training participants complained of traveling long distances and accommodation challenges, virtual training participants complained mostly of the technical glitches and loss of attention. Conclusion /Recommendations: Both in-person and virtual training formats were equally effective in training PHCWs. Despite the challenges identified in both training formats, integration of both trainings formats, with optimization of the virtual training format can provide a more comprehensive approach to professional development of primary healthcare workers.
Copyright (c) 2025 A.A. Adeyemo, L. Biagio-De Jager (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Copyright (c) 2025 Editor-in-Chief (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Fibromatous Periorchitis MimickingTesticular Tumour in a 30-year-old Male
Fibrous pseudotumours of the tunica vaginalis, epididymis, and spermatic cord are uncommon benign paratesticular masses. An extremely rare variant termed "fibromatous periorchitis" exhibits diffuse proliferative encasement of the testis and manifests grossly as an indurated testis reminiscent of malignancy. We present the case of a 30-year-old man who presented with a grossly enlarged right testis, benign scrotal ultrasound findings, and pathologic evidence of fibromatous periorchitis. The natural history, gross and histologic findings, and management of fibrous pseudotumours and fibromatous periorchitis are discussed. Understanding fibromatous periorchitis is crucial as it can prevent the need for radical orchidectomy, particularly in younger patients.
Copyright (c) 2025 K.M Ibiyeye (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Accidental Intra-Arterial Diazepam Injection: A Case Report of Psychiatric Patient Managed atan Under-Resourced Healthcare Facility
Accidental intra-arterial injection of diazepam is an uncommon but potentially devastating complication. It could occur when parenteral diazepam is inadvertently given intra-arterial instead of intravenously. Cases have been reported globally, however, more are not reported especially when it occurred at under-resourced healthcare facilities. This case report detailed a case of Mr. K A, a 42-year-old plumber who was managed at a rural nursing home. He was accidentally given intra-arterial diazepam instead intravenous in the ante-cubital fossa of the left upper extremity. The patient presented with physical aggression during an episode of psychotic disorder. Two days after the injection, the patient complained about pain and swelling in the left hand and fingers, for which oral analgesic was administered and patient was reassured. Also, skin discolouration was observed after the 5th day. The condition deteriorated after about 6 weeks with skin becoming darker, absent of peripheral pulse in the left upper arm and gangrenous changes and falling off of two fingers. Relatives demanded for referrer to a psychiatric facility at this point because the patient was still psychotic. However, patient was immediately referred to a teaching hospital where there would be orthopedic and plastic and reconstructive surgeons as well as psychiatrists. The case highlights the importance of adequate training of health workers on injection technique and timely recognition of signs and symptoms suggestive of complications of intra-arterial injection.
Copyright (c) 2025 O Oladeji et al. (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Evaluating Protocols for AssessingToxicological Effects of EthnopharmacologicalAgents on the Central Nervous System
The goal in drug development is to create medications that have the greatest therapeutic effectiveness while causing the fewest negative side effects. The continuous expansion of research on the therapeutic properties of ethnopharmacological substances indicates a growing likelihood of harmful effects resulting from these agents, especially those that may impact the central nervous system (CNS). Due to the unique nature of the central nervous system (CNS) and the blood-brain barrier, which controls the passage of foreign substances into the brain, it is crucial to exercise caution and verify that ethnopharmacological agents already in use do not unintentionally and excessively affect the CNS. It is becoming increasingly necessary to analyse the potential toxicity of ethnopharmacological drugs and understand the specific pathways by which these compounds can be harmful to the central nervous system (CNS). A narrative review is needed for the methods used in biochemical testing and behavioural tests to evaluate toxicity, which can be identified by biochemical and histological abnormalities as well as behavioural abnormalities. The specific areas affected and their diverse functions determine the different Biochemical, histological and behavioural. The authors carried out an online search of relevant articles in Embase, Google Scholar, JSTOR, PubMed, Proquest and Scopus from 1968 till date. The search focused on several areas such as ethnopharmacological toxicology, functional observational batteries, CNS toxicity, behavioural models, and historical perspectives of CNS toxicity testing. Out of the articles that met the criteria and addressed the scope, a total of 51 were used to create this article. The neurotoxicity risk posed by both traditional and novel ethnopharmacological substances is a significant and immediate concern. The protocols used to detect these toxicities have not undergone recent evaluation. In addition, few researchers engage in the complete process of toxicological testing.
Copyright (c) 2025 E.K. Umukoro et al. (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Practice of Ocular Hygiene and Risks for Ocular Disorders Among Undergraduate Students of TheUniversity of Benin
Ocular hygiene practices encompass a variety of behaviors and habits that individuals can incorporate into their daily routines. Proper ocular hygiene is not only preventive against ocular disorders but also supportive of ocular health, contributing to the overall well-being of an individual. The aim of this study is to assess the practice of ocular hygiene and the risk for ocular disorders among undergraduates of the University of Benin. This was a descriptive cross-sectional study design. There were 450 respondents, male and female, aged between 18-30 years with a mean age of 24.28 ± 2.27 years. Results showed that participants had very good ocular hygiene practices (83.6%). A good percentage (82%) of them reported avoiding touching their eyes all the time, 70% of them wore sunglasses when going out, 76% consulted their eye doctor regularly and 82% only used eyedrops prescribed by the doctor. The risk for developing ocular diseases among participants was low. No family history of ocular diseases (61%), no past history of eye infection (70%), no history of diabetes mellitus (94%) or hypertension (94%) were reported. There was no significant correlation between ocular hygiene practices and risks for ocular disorders (r < 0.1; p > 0.05). Predominant ocular symptoms among participants were light sensitivity (60%), headache (54%) and eyestrain (46%). Although this study showed that most of the students had very good ocular hygiene practices, significant risk factors for ocular disorders were identified. This included excessive screen use and extended periods of near work activities. These factors could be associated with the development of ocular symptoms such as headaches and sensitivity to light, as reported in this study.
Copyright (c) 2025 J.A. Ebeigbe et al. (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Molecular Epidemiology of Dengue Virus Infection among Febrile Patients in Ilorin, Nigeria
Dengue is one of the viruses that has been established to be responsible for many febrile cases but most febrile illnesses are often misdiagnosed as malaria and typhoid in Nigeria due to the endemicity of malaria and typhoid. Most of the available data on the circulation of dengue virus in Nigeria were obtained from the less specific and less sensitive serological investigations. We assessed the prevalence of dengue virus and determined its association between socio-demographic factors in three health facilities in three local governments in Ilorin, Nigeria. This cross-sectional study therefore employed molecular technique to provide a specific and more sensitive data on the prevalence of dengue virus infection among febrile patients in Ilorin, Nigeria. We recruited 110 febrile patients from three health facilities in three local governments Areas within Ilorin Metropolis. The patients' blood were collected and transferred immediately to the Molecular Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Ilorin for Molecular analysis. One-step RT-PCR was performed using Bosphore Dengue-Chikungunya Detection Kit to detect the presence of dengue virus RNA in the blood of the recruited patients. The results showed 8.2% positive for RT -qPCR detection of dengue virus with no statistically significant relationship between all tested socio-demographic factors. Specifically, 12.5% of patients recruited from General Hospital, Ilorin were positive for RT-qPCR detection of dengue virus infection, 6.7% from Civil Service Hospital Ilorin and 3.13% from University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital. We recommend routine procedural investigations for Dengue virus infection among patients with febrile illness in our hospitals.
Copyright (c) 2025 M. K. Sulaiman et al. (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Utilization of Oral Care Services and Oral Hygiene Practices of Medical Doctors in a TertiaryHospital in Rivers State, Nigeria
The medical professionals are more likely to encounter vulnerable populations than dental professionals, because patients with dental issues often visit the physicians first. Hence, it is imperative for the medical doctors to maintain good self-oral care practices. The objective of this study, therefore, was to evaluate the oral self‑care practices and dental service utilization attendance of medical doctors in different specialities of the University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital (UPTH), Port Harcourt, Rivers State. This was a descriptive, cross-sectional study conducted among medical practitioners in UPTH. Ethical approval was obtained from the Health Research and Ethics Committee of the Institution, followed by participants’ consent before commencing the study. Data was collected over 3 months period using semi-structured, self-administered questionnaires. Statistical analysis was done using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 25.0 (IBM SPSS Inc. Chicago Illinois). Statistical significance was considered at p < 0.05 at 95% confidence limits. There were 154 (92[59.7%] males and 62[40.3%] females) participants, with a M: F of 1.48:1. There were 71 (46.1%) registrars, 28 (18.2%) senior registrars and 55 (35.7%) consultants, recruited from the various departments of medicine and surgery. Eighty-two (53.2%) participants brush their teeth twice daily, 140(90.9%) used toothbrushes as cleaning aids, 81(52.6%) brush using vertical and horizontal techniques. One hundred and nineteen participants (77%) visited the dental clinic previously; more males visited the dental clinic between 6-12 months compared to females (p=0.361). More consultants visited the dental clinic less than 6 months ago, while more registrar visited 6-12 months ago (p=0.028). Considering the reasons for the dental visits, half of the registrars, 5(50.0%) visited for routine dental check-up. More of the consultants 17(37.8%) and the registrars 17(37.8%) visited for scaling and polishing. (p=0.822).
Copyright (c) 2025 G.O. Alade et al. (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Prevalence And Risk Factors of Anxiety and Depressive Disorders in Patients with Lumbar Spondylosis in Two Tertiary Health Institutions in North-central Nigeria
Lumbar spondylosis is a degenerative condition of the lumbar spine that is highly prevalent in older adults and patients presenting with chronic low back pain. Lumbar spondylosis is associated with significant psychological comorbidities, particularly anxiety and depression, which can adversely impact the management and overall well-being of affected individuals. This study aims to assess the prevalence of anxiety and depressive disorders among patients with lumbar spondylosis and to identify associated socio-demographic and clinical factors. This study was conducted at two tertiary health institutions in Ilorin, Kwara State. Using a cross-sectional hospital based design, a total of 176 patients aged 40 years and above with lumbar spondylosis were recruited. The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) was used to evaluate the prevalence of anxiety and depressive disorders. EPI-INFO version 7.2.6.0 was employed for statistical analyses to determine associations between psychological comorbidities and various socio-demographic and clinical variables. Level of statistical significance was set at 0.05. The prevalence of anxiety and depressive disorders among the study population was 23.3% and 20.5%, respectively. Female gender, unemployment, higher educational attainment, and prolonged duration of back pain were significantly associated with anxiety disorder. No significant socio-demographic or clinical factors were associated with depression. The high prevalence of anxiety and depression among patients with lumbar spondylosis underscores the need for a multidisciplinary approach to management.
Copyright (c) 2025 AT Kuranga et al. (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0